The Parties commit to revising and clarifying existing legislation governing land rights to eliminate ambiguity, outdated terminology, and discriminatory provisions. All references to land rights in this Agreement shall be interpreted in accordance with principles of equity, transparency, and non-discrimination.

A [mechanism] shall be [established / identified] to facilitate cooperation among institutions with land-related mandates. This [mechanism] shall: Serve as a forum for resolving jurisdictional disputes; Develop joint protocols for land administration and dispute resolution; Ensure that decisions are consistent with the principles of this Agreement.

Where customary or community-based land governance systems exist, their legitimacy shall be recognized, provided they operate in accordance with national law and human rights standards. The Parties shall promote dialogue between customary and statutory institutions to foster mutual understanding and coordinated action.

The Parties commit to initiating a comprehensive review and harmonization of land-related laws, policies, and institutional mandates to reduce contradictions and clarify roles. This process shall be inclusive, transparent, and informed by both legal and customary norms.

The Parties agree that all processes related to the acquisition of land, whether through purchase, allocation, inheritance, or restitution, shall be governed by principles of transparency, accountability, and fairness. No individual or group shall be granted preferential access to land outside of legally established procedures.

The Parties commit to establishing robust anti-corruption mechanisms within land administration entities. These shall include: Independent oversight of land transactions; Mandatory disclosure of land allocations and transfers; Penalties for officials or individuals found to engage in corrupt practices.

The Parties shall ensure that land acquisition processes do not discriminate on the basis of ethnicity, gender, religion, political affiliation, or social status. Special measures may be adopted to promote access for historically marginalized groups, including women, displaced persons, and indigenous communities.

All land acquisitions shall be documented through legally recognized instruments, and records shall be maintained in publicly accessible registries. The Parties shall promote legal literacy to ensure individuals understand their rights and obligations in the acquisition process.

The Parties agree to establish a Land Commission tasked with overseeing the resolution of land disputes arising from displacement, restitution, or resettlement. It shall operate independently and transparently, with a mandate to adjudicate claims, recommend restitutions, and mediate conflicting interests. Decisions of the Land Commission shall be legally binding, and all Parties shall cooperate fully with its findings and recommendations. Membership of the Land Commission shall comprise: [number of] representatives of affected communities; [number of] independent legal experts, and; [number of] government officials]. These representatives shall work alongside land rights advocates, experienced mediators, and officials, with an emphasis on reflecting the communities directly impacted by the Commission’s work. The Land Commission shall include an equitable gender balance in its membership, with at least [number]% representation of women, including female land rights advocates and legal experts. The selection for representatives of the Land Commission shall prioritize the inclusion of community-elected members, particularly from marginalized or displaced populations. The Land Commission shall be responsible for: [Oversight of Land Restitution: Implementing and overseeing land restitution processes to ensure the return of land to displaced persons and communities in accordance with established legal frameworks.] [Resolution of Land Disputes: Investigating and adjudicating land-related disputes, ensuring fair and impartial resolutions that respect the rights of all parties involved.] [Land Rights Documentation: Developing and maintaining accurate records of land ownership and usage rights, incorporating formal tenure systems and customary claims into designated land registries or documentation systems.] [Monitoring and Reporting: Monitoring the implementation of land tenure reforms and reporting on progress and challenges to the relevant authorities, including [designate authorities / organizations].] [Capacity Building: Assisting communities in accessing necessary resources for land management, including financial support, legal assistance, and agricultural inputs.] [Community Engagement: Facilitating community engagement and consultation processes to inform affected populations about their rights and available remedies regarding land tenure and ownership.] [Advisory Role: Providing recommendations to [designate governmental entities] regarding land policies, including formal tenure systems and customary claims recognition.] [Land Use Planning and Sustainable Practices: Collaborating with local authorities to create land use plans that support sustainable development and equitable access to land for all community members.] [Support for Resettlement and Resource Allocation: Guiding and overseeing resettlement initiatives to ensure they are conducted in a manner that respects the rights, needs, and cultural heritage of displaced populations.] To fulfill its mandate, the Land Commission shall have the authority to: [Investigate land claims and disputes, including the power to summon parties, request documentation, and conduct field investigations.] [Issue binding decisions or recommendations on land disputes, subject to appeal mechanisms where applicable.] [Access funding and resources necessary for implementing its mandate, including the establishment of land registries and community support programs.] [Collaborate with governmental and non-governmental organizations, local authorities, and community representatives to fulfill its responsibilities effectively.]]

In support of localized dispute resolution, community mediation entities shall be empowered to handle minor disputes over land and resource use. These mediation entities will engage elders, local leaders, and community representatives to resolve conflicts through culturally respectful and consensus-driven approaches. The Parties commit to providing these mediation entities with resources and training to facilitate effective resolution processes.

All refugees and internally displaced persons shall have the right to voluntarily return to their homes and places of habitual residence in safety and dignity, without discrimination. They shall have the right to reclaim ownership of land and property lost or unlawfully occupied during the conflict. The Parties shall take all necessary measures to facilitate restitution in accordance with national and international law.

Returning individuals shall be protected from retaliation, discrimination, or eviction. [State] shall ensure that all returnees are treated equally under the law and have access to legal remedies.

All [refugees / internally displaced persons / displaced persons] must be able to recover their property, especially their land. The right of return and property reinstatement is upheld for individuals and communities displaced by conflict. All persons or groups displaced by conflict shall be restored to their original land and properties where possible, or otherwise receive fair compensation. Women, including widows and single female-headed households, shall have equal rights in land restitution claims and must not face legal or administrative obstacles in reclaiming property.

A National Restitution Commission shall be established to receive, investigate, and adjudicate claims related to housing, land, and property lost or occupied during the conflict. The Commission shall operate independently and transparently, with representation from all Parties to the agreement.

The restitution mechanism shall provide a clear and accessible procedure for submitting claims, determining eligibility, and enforcing decisions. All decisions shall be legally binding and subject to registration with relevant authorities. Claims for restitution shall be submitted within [time] of the signing of this Agreement. The Commission may extend this period for justified reasons, particularly for vulnerable groups.

Pending resolution of restitution claims, interim measures shall be taken to protect the rights of [refugees / internally displaced persons / displaced persons], including the prevention of further occupation, sale, or transfer of disputed properties.

[State] shall facilitate the voluntary return of [refugees / internally displaced persons / displaced persons] and provide support for reintegration, including access to housing, public services, and livelihood opportunities.

An inventory of destroyed properties shall be drawn up with a view to making it habitable in order to redistribute it or return it as a priority to the original owners.

Where land restitution is not feasible, the Parties agree to provide fair and dignified resettlement options, including access to land and resources necessary for establishing livelihoods. Resettlement programs shall prioritize gender-sensitive planning, ensuring that women have equal access to land, housing, and economic resources. Comprehensive support shall include housing assistance, access to public services, and economic reintegration programs tailored to the needs of affected populations. Women-led households shall receive dedicated support, and mechanisms shall be in place to protect against gender-based discrimination in land allocation. Government agencies, in partnership with humanitarian organizations, shall develop and oversee programs to facilitate voluntary and supported resettlement for communities unable to return to their pre-conflict lands.

Resettlement programs shall give priority to vulnerable groups, including women, children, persons with disabilities, and elderly individuals, ensuring their specific needs are addressed in planning and implementation.

An independent [Resettlement Monitoring Mechanism] shall be established to oversee the implementation of resettlement programs, ensure transparency, and receive complaints from affected individuals.

Individuals who have lost property as a result of the conflict and are unable to reclaim it shall be entitled to fair and timely compensation, in accordance with national law and international standards.

If land restitution proves impossible, everyone with an entitlement must receive fair compensation and / or indemnification.

Where restitution of original property is not feasible due to occupation, destruction, or legal constraints, the affected individuals shall receive compensation in the form of equivalent land, financial payment, or other appropriate remedies.

Refugees who do not return may receive a just and equitable indemnification if their land had been expropriated without prior indemnification.

Compensation which is fair and equitable under the circumstances shall be payable in case of expropriation. Expropriation shall be allowed only in the public interest and in accordance with the law. The [applicable law] shall set out the basis of compensation;

The Parties commit to the rehabilitation and restoration of productive lands affected by the conflict, including agricultural fields, pastures, forests, and watersheds, to support sustainable livelihoods and food security.

[State] shall establish comprehensive rehabilitation programs aimed at restoring the productivity of lands degraded or abandoned due to conflict. These programs shall prioritize areas critical to food security, livelihoods, and environmental sustainability.

Rehabilitation efforts shall include soil restoration, erosion control, reforestation, and sustainable water management, implemented through an integrated approach that combines technical expertise, community participation, and environmental safeguards.

Restoration programs shall be designed and implemented in consultation with affected communities, ensuring the inclusion of traditional knowledge, equitable access to restored lands, and participation of women and marginalized groups.

A [National Land Recovery Fund] shall be established to finance the rehabilitation of degraded lands, with contributions from national and international partners. Technical assistance shall be provided to support implementation at the local level.

The Parties commit to the identification, clearance, and safe disposal of explosive remnants of war, including unexploded ordnance and abandoned explosive devices, in all affected areas.

A [National Remnants of War Clearance Authority] shall be established or strengthened to coordinate and oversee all explosive remnants of war clearance operations, in accordance with international humanitarian law and technical standards.

The Parties commit to the clearance of landmines, unexploded ordnance, and other explosive remnants of war in all affected areas, as a prerequisite for safe return, resettlement, and productive land use.

A [National Mine Action Authority] shall be [established / identified] to coordinate, implement, and monitor mine clearance activities, in accordance with international standards and humanitarian principles.

Mine clearance operations shall prioritize areas designated for the return of [refugees / internally displaced persons / displaced persons], agricultural rehabilitation, and infrastructure reconstruction, with special attention to schools, health facilities, and water sources.

Affected communities shall be actively involved in mine action planning and implementation. Risk education programs shall be provided to raise awareness and prevent accidents, especially among children and vulnerable groups.

With a view to achieving the democratization of access to land, to the benefit of all citizens of [state], including small-scale farmer communities, rural women without land or with insufficient land, and the rural communities most affected by poverty and conflict,the [transition authority] commits to create a Land Fund for the free distribution of land. The Land Fund will have [number] hectares of land available during its [time] of existence. Such land will come from the following sources: [Land arising from the legal cessation of ownership]; [Unexploited land not protected from special laws on the conservation of nature and natural resources]; [Land acquired or expropriated for reasons of social interest or public utility]; [Donated Land]. The establishment and functioning of the Land Fund is governed by the [applicable law].

The [land reform] shall account for the needs and rights of vulnerable groups, including female-headed households, persons with disabilities, and minority communities, ensuring equitable access to redress and support.

A series of measures shall be taken in order to avoid subsequent disputes over land, including the establishment of a register of [i.e urban or rural land], the promulgation of a law on succession and, in the longer term, the conduct of a cadastral survey of [i.e urban or rural land];